what would be good nursing diagnosis for pt with hyperlipidemia?

Q. My assigned primary diagnosis is hyperlipidemia, and I need 3 dx. I am having a hard time figuring out the best way to approch. the only thing my pt has that affects her daily life is a low carb low fat diet. Can anyone help?

A. Ok as someone who had a Xanthoma removed from her upper eyelid, guess this would be a good visual sign of Cholesterol.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001447.htm
Then I diagnosed the high cholesterol in my own Mother, as she had rings around her Iris.
http://www.bionordic.dk/vis_billed.asp?filename=kol.jpg
Mother Cholesterol was higher than mine and mine not high enough to warrant the Xanthoma. Always remember the skin can tell you a lot about the Health of a Patient.
Hope that helps.
I was also going to say hardening of the arteries as they get furred up with cholesterol deposits, which would lead to cardiovascular, high blood pressure.

Original Question

What is the difference between hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

Q.

A. Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia is caused by an elevated level of any kind of lipid (fat) in the blood stream, while hypercholesterolemia is only caused by high cholesterol in the blood stream.

Original Question

Do you have hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol ? How old are you ?

Q. I'm in my mid-30's and my triglycerides and cholesterol are high. Please share your experience.

A. I'm 48 and mine were high, too. My doctor gave me three months to try to get it down on my own. I went on a no-fat diet...nothing fried, no red meat. no butter or margarine. Fish, nuts and olive oil are OK because they have the healthy kind of fat. Foods only steamed, grilled, etc. No more sauteed Chinese food! In three months, I got my total cholesterol down 100 points and triglycerides down 75 points, both now in a good range so I don't need medicine. You can do it! It does take discipline.....I didn't cheat. Also, I lost weight from this diet.

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what would be good nursing diagnosis for pt with hyperlipidemia?

Q. My assigned primary diagnosis is hyperlipidemia, and I need 3 dx. I am having a hard time figuring out the best way to approch. the only thing my pt has that affects her daily life is a low carb low fat diet. Can anyone help?

A. Ok as someone who had a Xanthoma removed from her upper eyelid, guess this would be a good visual sign of Cholesterol.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001447.htm
Then I diagnosed the high cholesterol in my own Mother, as she had rings around her Iris.
http://www.bionordic.dk/vis_billed.asp?filename=kol.jpg
Mother Cholesterol was higher than mine and mine not high enough to warrant the Xanthoma. Always remember the skin can tell you a lot about the Health of a Patient.
Hope that helps.
I was also going to say hardening of the arteries as they get furred up with cholesterol deposits, which would lead to cardiovascular, high blood pressure.

Original Question

What is the difference between hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

Q.

A. Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia is caused by an elevated level of any kind of lipid (fat) in the blood stream, while hypercholesterolemia is only caused by high cholesterol in the blood stream.

Original Question

Do you have hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol ? How old are you ?

Q. I'm in my mid-30's and my triglycerides and cholesterol are high. Please share your experience.

A. I'm 48 and mine were high, too. My doctor gave me three months to try to get it down on my own. I went on a no-fat diet...nothing fried, no red meat. no butter or margarine. Fish, nuts and olive oil are OK because they have the healthy kind of fat. Foods only steamed, grilled, etc. No more sauteed Chinese food! In three months, I got my total cholesterol down 100 points and triglycerides down 75 points, both now in a good range so I don't need medicine. You can do it! It does take discipline.....I didn't cheat. Also, I lost weight from this diet.

Original Question

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What is the role of (HDLs) High Density Lipoproteins in Human Lipoprotein Metabolism?

Q. What is the role of High Density Lipoproteins besides transporting proteins to VLDS (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) and picking up cholesterol from cell membranes and lipoproteins?

A. it takes those vldl and cholesterol to the liver for ketone body formation after beta oxidation of those.

Original Question

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

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Is there a Low density lipoprotein(LDL) and High density lipoprotein (HDL) reader available in the market?

Q.

A. LDL and HDL are determined by Photometry method in a Pathological Laboratory.You are required to give a blood sample for this.
Full Blood profile consists of TC,HDL,TG and LDL.

Original Question

Ldl is 196 triglycerides 154 hdl 31 hdl ratio 8 ldl ratio 6.3 very low density lipoprotein 30.8 my age is 44?

Q.

A. LDL- High LDL level, corresponding to much higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
Triglyceride- Slightly above normal.
HDL- Low HDL cholesterol, heightened risk for heart disease.
VLDL- slightly above normal.
Risk for cardiac disease is assessed by dividing the total cholesterol level by the HDL level. Target values are <5 for men and <4.4 for women.
Take statin drug in consultation with your doctor.
Also control your cholesterol level by diet and exercise. You may also take omega-3 fatty acid (fish oil).
Adopt DASH diet (Mediterranean diet). Eat a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet, which includes cottage cheese, fat-free milk, fish, vegetables, poultry, and egg whites. Use monounsaturated oils such as olive, peanut, and canola oils or polyunsaturated oils such as corn, safflower, soy, sunflower, cottonseed, and soybean oils. Avoid foods with excess fat in them such as meat (especially liver and fatty meat), egg yolks, whole milk, cream, butter, shortening, pastries, cakes, cookies, gravy, peanut butter, chocolate, olives, potato chips, coconut, cheese (other than cottage cheese), coconut oil, palm oil, and fried foods.
Please note that I am not a medical professional.

Original Question

Do we need both HDL (High-density lipoprotein) and LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)?

Q. If so, then how do vegans exist?

A. The liver and the intestines both form lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, IDL and VLDL. Levels of each are determined by multiple factors. For example, the fats that are carried by the lipoprotein particles come from food and from fat synthesized by the liver.

Eating foods high in cholesterol actually has little effect of serum cholesterol levels(1). The body has a sensitive feedback mechanism that tightly regulates the production of cholesterol (2). When dietary consumption of cholesterol increases, less is produced by the liver. High levels of insulin increase the synthesis of cholesterol by the liver and also by individual cells in the body.

Fats do have an effect on the levels of HDL, LDL and VLDL. Saturated fats strongly increase HDL and to a lesser estent, LDL. Polyunsaturated fats tend to lower both HDL and LDL. A higher refined carbohydrate intake can strongly increase the serum levels of triglycerides, which can also increase LDL. The liver produces primarily palmitic and palmitoeic acid from carbohydrates. Palmitic acid is also the predominant fatty acid in animal.

Since production of HDL, LDL and triglycerides is mediated by many factors, it is impossible to make many generalizations about the association of dietary fats and carbohydrates and serum cholesterol. Very low carbohydrate diets can result in a more favorable lipid profile than a low fat diet (3). Strict meat eaters can have a fairly low serum choleserol while vegans can have a higher serum cholesterol. People eating a paleolithic diet and a vegan diet can have similarities, in so much that both ways of eating discourage the consumption of vegetable seed oils, refined carbohydrates and favor eating whole foods.

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what would be good nursing diagnosis for pt with hyperlipidemia?

Q. My assigned primary diagnosis is hyperlipidemia, and I need 3 dx. I am having a hard time figuring out the best way to approch. the only thing my pt has that affects her daily life is a low carb low fat diet. Can anyone help?

A. Ok as someone who had a Xanthoma removed from her upper eyelid, guess this would be a good visual sign of Cholesterol.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001447.htm
Then I diagnosed the high cholesterol in my own Mother, as she had rings around her Iris.
http://www.bionordic.dk/vis_billed.asp?filename=kol.jpg
Mother Cholesterol was higher than mine and mine not high enough to warrant the Xanthoma. Always remember the skin can tell you a lot about the Health of a Patient.
Hope that helps.
I was also going to say hardening of the arteries as they get furred up with cholesterol deposits, which would lead to cardiovascular, high blood pressure.

Original Question

What is the difference between hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

Q.

A. Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia is caused by an elevated level of any kind of lipid (fat) in the blood stream, while hypercholesterolemia is only caused by high cholesterol in the blood stream.

Original Question

Is there a particular group (ethnicity, sociological culture) that is predisposed for hyperlipidemia?

Q. Is there a particular group (ethnicity, sociological culture) that is predisposed for the condition of hyerlipidemia?

A. Yes; those with a family history of hyperlipidemia since predisposition rests equally on genetic and environmental factors and their interplay.

Another predisposition is use of oral contraceptives (OC) in women; and in people who use antihypertensives, retinoids, and/or hypolipidic agents.

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How to induce Low density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol levels on rabbits please?

Q.

A. Estrogens induce low-density lipoprotein receptor activity and decrease intracellular cholesterol in animals hepatoma cell line Hep G2.

A new reagent effective in inhibiting cholesterol synthesis 75% in human fibroblasts derived from patients suffering from the disease familial hypercholestrolemia is mannose-6-phosphate-low density lipoprotein and is effective in tissue culture test systems at 100 μg/ml after a ten-hour exposure. The broad purpose of this invention is to modify the receptor specificity of a protein so that it will enter cells which were previously impermeable and exert new effects or reverse a pathological condition. Toxins may also be modified in this manner producing cell type specific and tumor suppressive reagents which are effective in a dose range of 0.3-3 μg. The object here is to use the reagent to selectively kill one cell type which is exerting a pathological effect without affecting normal cells. Among others to which this invention is applicable are Man6P-low density lipoprotein, Man6P-ricin, Man6P-Modeccin, anti Thy 1.2 monoclonal antibody-ricin and anti Thy 1.1 monoclonal antibody-ricin.

Take care always!

Original Question

How are low density lipoproteins related to health, diet, and cholesterol?

Q. I need the answer by tonight

A. Good cholesterol is high density lipoproteins (HDL) and bad cholesterol is low density lipoproteins (LDL).

Unsaturated fats (most vegetable fats such as nuts, beans, peas and lentils) will increase your HDL level, decrease your LDL level and also reduce your overall cholesterol.

Saturated fats are mostly LDL.

Original Question

what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?

Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

Original Question

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where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. HDL cholesterol "scavenges" your bad cholesterol and helps to eliminate LDL from the body. The only nonpharmacologic way to increase your HDL is to exercise.

Ingesting more soluble fiber lowers your LDL cholesterol because soluble fiber binds bile in the GI tract and it gets eliminated. Bile is synthesized using LDL, so that's why you sometimes see advertising on the side of quaker oats that they can lower your cholesterol. I believe the recommendation is to get 20-30 g of fiber / day.

Original Question

why would chylomicron, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein form a spherical shape?

Q. not sure if this is important:
chylomicron has 4% phospholipid, 90% triacylglycerol, 5% cholesterol, 1% protein.
low-density lipoprotein has 20% phospholipid, 10% triacylglycerol, 45% cholesterol, 25% protein.
high-density lipoprotein has 30% phospholipid, 5% triacylglycerol, 20% cholesterol, 45% protein.

A. Particles (and systems in general) always follow the "principal of least energy" which reduces the free energy of a system to minimum.

Phospholipids are polar compounds based upon a glycerol backbone. Two fatty acids are attached to the phospholipid at the sn-1, and sn-2 position (end and middle respectively). Both fatty acids are non-polar and hydrophobic (water-hating). The third spot is taken by a polar group at the sn-3 position (e.g. the other end) which is hydrophilic (water loving). In addition to polar amino acids and proteins, the outer side of the lipoprotein particles face the water while the hydrophobic portions point inward, where triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesterol esters are.

The hydrophilic outer portion allows lipoprotein particles to stay suspended in serum and blood. The inner lipid and sterol portion attract each other and form a stable system.

The shape that reduces free energy to a minimum is a sphere so lipoprotein particles assume that shape.

Without the phospholipids and proteins surrounding the water-insoluble portions, the lipid and sterol molecules would simply coalesce, which would result in blobs of fat accumulating in the circulatory system.

Original Question

Is there a Low density lipoprotein(LDL) and High density lipoprotein (HDL) reader available in the market?

Q.

A. LDL and HDL are determined by Photometry method in a Pathological Laboratory.You are required to give a blood sample for this.
Full Blood profile consists of TC,HDL,TG and LDL.

Original Question

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how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

Original Question

Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated?

Q. Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated with ________ cells
A) skin
B) muscle
C) connective tissue
D) blood
E) liver

A. Though these proteins that transport cholesterol are in the blood...
the liver is the one that makes this cholesterol, if it isn't obtained
from the foods we eat.

The LDL, which is considered the bad cholesterol...is the lipo
protein that transport cholesterol out from the liver to the cells
and is known to clog the arteries.

The HDL is the lipo protein that transports
cholesterol back to the liver...so since it is the HDL....
then I believe the answer would be the liver (E).

This seems kind of tricky...considering the cholesterol
is transported in the blood...so it might also be D) Blood
since blood tests are taken to determine how much
HDL and LDL are present.

Hope this has been of some help. Best wishes

Original Question

Where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. Mostly the liver makes LDL and HDL which are fats/cholesterol..
You can stop eating cholesterol for the rest of your life and still have high levels. How can this be? For starters, all of your cells can create cholesterol. This is good because every cell in your body needs it to form protective membranes. Your body actually monitors your cells, and if it senses that a cell doesn't have enough cholesterol, it will produce more. Cholesterol also is an essential building block for naturally produced vitamin D and other good stuff, like estrogen and testosterone. But even though every cell can make its own cholesterol, some cells need extra help with their supply. This is where your liver comes in.
Your body, mainly your liver, produces 75 percent of your cholesterol; your small intestine also aids in both the creation and absorption of cholesterol [source: AHA]. The average diet adds another 300 to 500 mg of cholesterol [source: Schafer]. This external cholesterol comes from animal and dairy products. But even if you eat foods without cholesterol, the carbs, fats and proteins all break down eventually and release carbon, which your liver turns into cholesterol.

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How much cholesterol would be in a ostrich egg?

Q. Actually, you can eat ostrich eggs. Eggs are eggs. Just to let you know.

A. An ostrich egg is supposed to be equal to 2 dozen chicken eggs. That would mean 2520 grams of cholesterol.

Original Question

How much Cholesterol should you be taking in every day?

Q. I started reading food labels, and I noticed there's a line called Cholesterol with a number in mg's. How many mg's or what is the total amount of cholesterol per day that is recommended for a 20 something female? Thanks.

A. Officially, experts say you shouldn't have over 300mg (based on a 2,000 calorie diet). I tend to think that's a little high and try to not go over half that. It really depends on your age and activity level. Maybe the link below will help a little more.

Original Question

How much cholesterol is in egg whites as opposed to the yolks?

Q. One of my co-workers told me that there are equal amounts of cholesterol in both the white and the yolk.

I told her that wasn't true because the yolk is what has all the calories, fat, and cholesterol in it, so I'm doing a good thing by eating egg white omelettes, as opposed to regular ones that include the yolk.

Or am I? Who's right?

A. Your coworker is an idiot. There is zero cholesterol in the white.

But the yolk has good stuff, too, like iron and omega fatty acids, so don't skip it all the time.

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How is the high density lipoprotein formed? And where specifically?

Q. Where does it come from?

A. It is made mainly near the blood vessels around the body, but the precursors come from the liver.

http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v4/n3/fig_tab/nrd1658_F2.html

There are a few sources with handy diagrams
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96842&rendTypeId=4

Original Question

How does HDL (High density lipoprotein) reduce the risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease?

Q. and what is the effect of low concentration of HDL inside the blood?

A. HDL carries cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

Lower HDL levels result in more cholesterol in blood leading to increased risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease.

Original Question

What is the role of (HDLs) High Density Lipoproteins in Human Lipoprotein Metabolism?

Q. What is the role of High Density Lipoproteins besides transporting proteins to VLDS (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) and picking up cholesterol from cell membranes and lipoproteins?

A. it takes those vldl and cholesterol to the liver for ketone body formation after beta oxidation of those.

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I would like know about high density lipoprotein cholesterol range?

Q. High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is known as "good" cholesterol, so if we have high HDL- C that is better for our hearts. But I don't know how high HDL-C is good. For example, my brother is 47years old. His HDL-C is 82mg/dl. I wonder it is good? Would you please help me to find out the answer. Thank you very much for your time.

A. 60 mg/dL or higher- is considered protective against heart disease.
Less than 40 mg/dL for men- is too low
Less than 50 mg/dL for women- is too low
Of course too low is a major risk factor for heart disease
So, with this guideline set by the American Heart Association even...Your brother is doing just wonderfully. Good Luck!!

Original Question

How is the high density lipoprotein formed? And where specifically?

Q. Where does it come from?

A. It is made mainly near the blood vessels around the body, but the precursors come from the liver.

http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v4/n3/fig_tab/nrd1658_F2.html

There are a few sources with handy diagrams
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96842&rendTypeId=4

Original Question

How does HDL (High density lipoprotein) reduce the risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease?

Q. and what is the effect of low concentration of HDL inside the blood?

A. HDL carries cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

Lower HDL levels result in more cholesterol in blood leading to increased risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease.

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How is cholesterol calculated and can you have too much good cholesterol?

Q. I went to the doctor and my cholesterol was 246 which isn't so good but my good cholesterol was 65, which she said is great. Is the LDL what's remaining after the good cholesterol is subtracted from the total? Can you have too much HDL?

A. HDL are "high-density lipoproteins" which is fancy doctor talk for cells that are high in protein, low in fat/cholesterol. This is preferred, as this is what "feeds" the body with growth proteins. Proteins power "cell" creation and repair (only). Things like muscle, skin, hair, etc...anything that grows or requires frequent repair benefit from higher counts of HDL. HDL's increase in demand with more activity. Specifically 'cardio' (meaning heart) workouts. You really can't have "too much" HDL's because if the body doesnt need the level of proteins in the blood sugar, it simply release it as it passes through the kidneys. We pee out excess proteins. They do NOT convert to bodyfat like some bodybuilders like to beleive.

LDLs are of course "Low density", meaning low protein high fat. LDL's partially provide energy to "active" muscles. The cells are often "coated" with saturated fats. As these move around the body feeding active muscles, they 'bump along' the artery walls, the leave little "skid marks" so to speak. These marks build up to become plaque, and can cause heart decrease. Reducing LDL's to under 200, (or 150 even better) would be good advice but often requires medication, diet modification, AND more physical activity.

Original Question

How much cholesterol would be in a ostrich egg?

Q. Actually, you can eat ostrich eggs. Eggs are eggs. Just to let you know.

A. An ostrich egg is supposed to be equal to 2 dozen chicken eggs. That would mean 2520 grams of cholesterol.

Original Question

How is cholesterol good for you and your body?

Q. Explain the benefits of cholesterol for the body and its functions. How does it affect joints and organs?

A. Americans are being saturated with anti-cholesterol propaganda. If you watch very much television, you're probably one of the millions of Americans who now has a terminal case of cholesterol phobia. The probaganda is relentless and is often designed to produce fear and loathing of this works of all food contaminants. You never hear the food propagandists bragging about their product being fluoride free or aluminum free, two of our truly serious food-addidtive problems. But cholesterol, an essential nutrient not proven to be harmfull in ANY quantity is constantly pilloried as a menance to your health. If you don't use corn oil, Fleishmann's margarine and Egg Beaters, you are going straight to atherosclerosis hell with stroke, heart attack and premature aging and so are your kids.

William Campbell Douglass, MD
Eat Your Cholesterol

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Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. HDL cholesterol "scavenges" your bad cholesterol and helps to eliminate LDL from the body. The only nonpharmacologic way to increase your HDL is to exercise.

Ingesting more soluble fiber lowers your LDL cholesterol because soluble fiber binds bile in the GI tract and it gets eliminated. Bile is synthesized using LDL, so that's why you sometimes see advertising on the side of quaker oats that they can lower your cholesterol. I believe the recommendation is to get 20-30 g of fiber / day.

Original Question

why would chylomicron, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein form a spherical shape?

Q. not sure if this is important:
chylomicron has 4% phospholipid, 90% triacylglycerol, 5% cholesterol, 1% protein.
low-density lipoprotein has 20% phospholipid, 10% triacylglycerol, 45% cholesterol, 25% protein.
high-density lipoprotein has 30% phospholipid, 5% triacylglycerol, 20% cholesterol, 45% protein.

A. Particles (and systems in general) always follow the "principal of least energy" which reduces the free energy of a system to minimum.

Phospholipids are polar compounds based upon a glycerol backbone. Two fatty acids are attached to the phospholipid at the sn-1, and sn-2 position (end and middle respectively). Both fatty acids are non-polar and hydrophobic (water-hating). The third spot is taken by a polar group at the sn-3 position (e.g. the other end) which is hydrophilic (water loving). In addition to polar amino acids and proteins, the outer side of the lipoprotein particles face the water while the hydrophobic portions point inward, where triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesterol esters are.

The hydrophilic outer portion allows lipoprotein particles to stay suspended in serum and blood. The inner lipid and sterol portion attract each other and form a stable system.

The shape that reduces free energy to a minimum is a sphere so lipoprotein particles assume that shape.

Without the phospholipids and proteins surrounding the water-insoluble portions, the lipid and sterol molecules would simply coalesce, which would result in blobs of fat accumulating in the circulatory system.

Original Question

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What determines whether a triglyceride is saturated or unsaturated?

Q. Is it the bonds?

A. A trigylceride (fat) is basically a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acid molecules are often called "fatty acid chains" or "fatty acid tails".

Triglyceride structure:
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/FatImg/triglyceride.jpg

If a triglyceride contains fatty acid tails with only single bonds in their structure, it is said to be saturated (saturated with hydrogens - it contains the maximum no. of C-H bonds).

If a triglyceride contains one or more fatty acid tails which contain at least one double bond in their structure, it is said to be unsaturated.

Here is a pic which shows the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats:
http://www.realfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fat_f2.jpg

As the pic above shows, saturated fats are usually straight, so the molecules can pack together tightly, which is why saturated fats are solids at room temp. The double bonds in the structure of unsaturated fats makes kinks in the chain preventing the neat packing together of these molecules, so most unsaturated fats are liquids at room temp.

Original Question

What is the function of Triglyceride and Phospholipid?

Q. Also, what are some examples of nucleic acids besides DNA and RNA?

Thanks!

A. Triglycerides and Phospholipids are present in the Plasma Membrane of the cell to make each cell regionally distinct from one another.

Original Question

Is cyclying good for reducing triglyceride level?

Q. I am having a triglyceride of 548. I cycle for 7Kms. daily. Is this good or I should necessarily walk instead of cycling ?

A. Triglycerides > 500 are targeted for treatment first because the increased risk for pancreatitis. Exercise alone will not be sufficient to reduce your triglycerides. In fact, elevated triglycerides will not give an accurate reading for LDL, HDL, etc.... [If you think the lab results are inaccurate, you can always get another lab done].

More than likely, your doctor has probably prescribed mediction (or a supplement such as fish oils with a titration schedule).

Medications used are:
1) Fibrates - fenofibrates, tricor, etc.... (
2) Trilipix - only one with FDA approval to be used in combination with a statin
3) Lovaza
4) Fish Oils
5) Niaspan - used to increase HDL but can also be used to decrease TG

Talk to you doctor for additional information.

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what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?

Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

Original Question

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?

Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.

Original Question

what does low density lipoproteins transport cholestrol to?

Q.

A. LDL transports cholesterol to the vascular tissue. In the vessels, it gets deposited in the atherosclerotic plaques.

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Can triglyceride levels in dogs increase from the chewing/eating of rawhide?

Q. I have increased the amount of rawhide chews I give to my Beagle, and coincidentally, her triglycerides soared. Is there any connection between the two? Otherwise, she is fed Nutro Ultra for Seniors dry mixed with a little bit of canned and water for a sauce. She is not fed fats, and has a healthy diet of fruits and veggies for snacks.

A. most raw-hides are deep fried or oven basted with chicken fat as dripping, so are just full of fat. You can get healthier ones if you search, but they cost more. Most people recommend the nylon bones, but I have heard if they are too small the dogs can swallow them whole, then you will need an operation.

I give my dogs a small healthy meaty bone to chew daily, its part of their breakfast calorie, is natural and much lower in fat.

Original Question

Why is a triglyceride considered hydrophobic when it has a glycerol molecule which is hydrophilic?

Q. also- can everything be categorized as hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

lastly- if the outside of our membranes is hydrophilic wouldn't we dissolve in water?

A. The hydroxyl group of glycerol joins in an ester linkage with the carboxyl group on the lipid leaving a hydrophilic compound.

Not all compounds are one or the other some are amphiphilic with a polar hydrophilic end and a nonpolar lipophilic hydrocarbon end like the phospholipids in cell membranes.

Original Question

What type of triglyceride would vegetable oil, butter and shortening be?

Q.

A. Butter- the good kind.
Vegetable oil and shortening- the bad kind.
Canola oil is much better for you than vegetable oil. :))

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What can I do as a woman after menapause do to improve on my Cholesterol and Triglyceride blood results?

Q. In April 2006 my blood work showed: Cholesterol 167.6; Triglyceride 220.4 and HDL 38.1. I am talking Lipitor during both of these blood tests.
In October 2006 my blook work showed: Cholesterol 211.1; Triglyceride 143.7 and HDL 48.5.
I listed the HDL because I was afraid the Lipitor was effecting my Good Cholestrol count.
I'm looking for someone that can tell me why my cholestrol went up this time and triglycerides went down and what is my next course of action.

A. Eat cabbage, oatmeal, apples, etc. for soluble fiber and of course some type of exercise.

Also, here's some all-natural supplements that are very effective.

OmegaGuard: reduces the risk of heart disease/stroke, lowers triglycerides and cholesterol

Soluble Fiber (e.g. Fiber Plan): prevents fat absorption; reduces stress on heart by minimizing fat accumulation

Lecithin: converts serum cholesterol to good HDL

CoQHeart: Reduces LDL oxidation

Garlic Complex: prevents clotting; dilates small blood vessels; dissolves fatty deposits & thins blood

Hope this is useful and feel free to contact me with questions.

Original Question

What determines whether a triglyceride is saturated or unsaturated?

Q. Is it the bonds?

A. A trigylceride (fat) is basically a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acid molecules are often called "fatty acid chains" or "fatty acid tails".

Triglyceride structure:
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/FatImg/triglyceride.jpg

If a triglyceride contains fatty acid tails with only single bonds in their structure, it is said to be saturated (saturated with hydrogens - it contains the maximum no. of C-H bonds).

If a triglyceride contains one or more fatty acid tails which contain at least one double bond in their structure, it is said to be unsaturated.

Here is a pic which shows the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats:
http://www.realfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fat_f2.jpg

As the pic above shows, saturated fats are usually straight, so the molecules can pack together tightly, which is why saturated fats are solids at room temp. The double bonds in the structure of unsaturated fats makes kinks in the chain preventing the neat packing together of these molecules, so most unsaturated fats are liquids at room temp.

Original Question

What is the function of Triglyceride and Phospholipid?

Q. Also, what are some examples of nucleic acids besides DNA and RNA?

Thanks!

A. Triglycerides and Phospholipids are present in the Plasma Membrane of the cell to make each cell regionally distinct from one another.

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what would be good nursing diagnosis for pt with hyperlipidemia?

Q. My assigned primary diagnosis is hyperlipidemia, and I need 3 dx. I am having a hard time figuring out the best way to approch. the only thing my pt has that affects her daily life is a low carb low fat diet. Can anyone help?

A. Ok as someone who had a Xanthoma removed from her upper eyelid, guess this would be a good visual sign of Cholesterol.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001447.htm
Then I diagnosed the high cholesterol in my own Mother, as she had rings around her Iris.
http://www.bionordic.dk/vis_billed.asp?filename=kol.jpg
Mother Cholesterol was higher than mine and mine not high enough to warrant the Xanthoma. Always remember the skin can tell you a lot about the Health of a Patient.
Hope that helps.
I was also going to say hardening of the arteries as they get furred up with cholesterol deposits, which would lead to cardiovascular, high blood pressure.

Original Question

What is the difference between hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

Q.

A. Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia is caused by an elevated level of any kind of lipid (fat) in the blood stream, while hypercholesterolemia is only caused by high cholesterol in the blood stream.

Original Question

Do you have hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol ? How old are you ?

Q. I'm in my mid-30's and my triglycerides and cholesterol are high. Please share your experience.

A. I'm 48 and mine were high, too. My doctor gave me three months to try to get it down on my own. I went on a no-fat diet...nothing fried, no red meat. no butter or margarine. Fish, nuts and olive oil are OK because they have the healthy kind of fat. Foods only steamed, grilled, etc. No more sauteed Chinese food! In three months, I got my total cholesterol down 100 points and triglycerides down 75 points, both now in a good range so I don't need medicine. You can do it! It does take discipline.....I didn't cheat. Also, I lost weight from this diet.

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How are low density lipoproteins related to health, diet, and cholesterol?

Q. I need the answer by tonight

A. Good cholesterol is high density lipoproteins (HDL) and bad cholesterol is low density lipoproteins (LDL).

Unsaturated fats (most vegetable fats such as nuts, beans, peas and lentils) will increase your HDL level, decrease your LDL level and also reduce your overall cholesterol.

Saturated fats are mostly LDL.

Original Question

what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?

Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

Original Question

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?

Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.

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Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

Original Question

Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated?

Q. Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated with ________ cells
A) skin
B) muscle
C) connective tissue
D) blood
E) liver

A. Though these proteins that transport cholesterol are in the blood...
the liver is the one that makes this cholesterol, if it isn't obtained
from the foods we eat.

The LDL, which is considered the bad cholesterol...is the lipo
protein that transport cholesterol out from the liver to the cells
and is known to clog the arteries.

The HDL is the lipo protein that transports
cholesterol back to the liver...so since it is the HDL....
then I believe the answer would be the liver (E).

This seems kind of tricky...considering the cholesterol
is transported in the blood...so it might also be D) Blood
since blood tests are taken to determine how much
HDL and LDL are present.

Hope this has been of some help. Best wishes

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how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

Original Question

Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated?

Q. Of the following cell types, the greatest concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) would be associated with ________ cells
A) skin
B) muscle
C) connective tissue
D) blood
E) liver

A. Though these proteins that transport cholesterol are in the blood...
the liver is the one that makes this cholesterol, if it isn't obtained
from the foods we eat.

The LDL, which is considered the bad cholesterol...is the lipo
protein that transport cholesterol out from the liver to the cells
and is known to clog the arteries.

The HDL is the lipo protein that transports
cholesterol back to the liver...so since it is the HDL....
then I believe the answer would be the liver (E).

This seems kind of tricky...considering the cholesterol
is transported in the blood...so it might also be D) Blood
since blood tests are taken to determine how much
HDL and LDL are present.

Hope this has been of some help. Best wishes

Original Question

where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. HDL cholesterol "scavenges" your bad cholesterol and helps to eliminate LDL from the body. The only nonpharmacologic way to increase your HDL is to exercise.

Ingesting more soluble fiber lowers your LDL cholesterol because soluble fiber binds bile in the GI tract and it gets eliminated. Bile is synthesized using LDL, so that's why you sometimes see advertising on the side of quaker oats that they can lower your cholesterol. I believe the recommendation is to get 20-30 g of fiber / day.

Original Question

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what would be good nursing diagnosis for pt with hyperlipidemia?

Q. My assigned primary diagnosis is hyperlipidemia, and I need 3 dx. I am having a hard time figuring out the best way to approch. the only thing my pt has that affects her daily life is a low carb low fat diet. Can anyone help?

A. Ok as someone who had a Xanthoma removed from her upper eyelid, guess this would be a good visual sign of Cholesterol.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001447.htm
Then I diagnosed the high cholesterol in my own Mother, as she had rings around her Iris.
http://www.bionordic.dk/vis_billed.asp?filename=kol.jpg
Mother Cholesterol was higher than mine and mine not high enough to warrant the Xanthoma. Always remember the skin can tell you a lot about the Health of a Patient.
Hope that helps.
I was also going to say hardening of the arteries as they get furred up with cholesterol deposits, which would lead to cardiovascular, high blood pressure.

Original Question

What is the difference between hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

Q.

A. Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia is caused by an elevated level of any kind of lipid (fat) in the blood stream, while hypercholesterolemia is only caused by high cholesterol in the blood stream.

Original Question

Do you have hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol ? How old are you ?

Q. I'm in my mid-30's and my triglycerides and cholesterol are high. Please share your experience.

A. I'm 48 and mine were high, too. My doctor gave me three months to try to get it down on my own. I went on a no-fat diet...nothing fried, no red meat. no butter or margarine. Fish, nuts and olive oil are OK because they have the healthy kind of fat. Foods only steamed, grilled, etc. No more sauteed Chinese food! In three months, I got my total cholesterol down 100 points and triglycerides down 75 points, both now in a good range so I don't need medicine. You can do it! It does take discipline.....I didn't cheat. Also, I lost weight from this diet.

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I would like know about high density lipoprotein cholesterol range?

Q. High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is known as "good" cholesterol, so if we have high HDL- C that is better for our hearts. But I don't know how high HDL-C is good. For example, my brother is 47years old. His HDL-C is 82mg/dl. I wonder it is good? Would you please help me to find out the answer. Thank you very much for your time.

A. 60 mg/dL or higher- is considered protective against heart disease.
Less than 40 mg/dL for men- is too low
Less than 50 mg/dL for women- is too low
Of course too low is a major risk factor for heart disease
So, with this guideline set by the American Heart Association even...Your brother is doing just wonderfully. Good Luck!!

Original Question

How is the high density lipoprotein formed? And where specifically?

Q. Where does it come from?

A. It is made mainly near the blood vessels around the body, but the precursors come from the liver.

http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v4/n3/fig_tab/nrd1658_F2.html

There are a few sources with handy diagrams
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96842&rendTypeId=4

Original Question

How does HDL (High density lipoprotein) reduce the risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease?

Q. and what is the effect of low concentration of HDL inside the blood?

A. HDL carries cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

Lower HDL levels result in more cholesterol in blood leading to increased risk of atheroma formation,and Coronary Heart Disease.

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What is the role of (HDLs) High Density Lipoproteins in Human Lipoprotein Metabolism?

Q. What is the role of High Density Lipoproteins besides transporting proteins to VLDS (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) and picking up cholesterol from cell membranes and lipoproteins?

A. it takes those vldl and cholesterol to the liver for ketone body formation after beta oxidation of those.

Original Question

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

Original Question

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a study reported that the prevalence of hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2 to 6 years of age. if 12 children?

Q. are analyzed: a) what is probability that at least 3 are hyperlipidemia? b) what is the probability that exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic? and c) how many would be expected to meet the criteria for hyperlipidemia?

A. a. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.75 at least 3 are hyperlipidemia

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [2] (from 0 up to and including k NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k => 3) = 1 - P(k ⤠2) = 1 - n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.75 = 12!/[2!*(12 - 2)!] * 0.3^2 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 2)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.75 = 1 - BINOMDIST ( 2 , 12 , 30/100 , TRUE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 2 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



b. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.24 exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [3] (Exactly 3 NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k = 3) = n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.24 = 12!/[3!*(12 - 3)!] * 0.3^3 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 3)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.24 =BINOMDIST ( 3 , 12 , 30/100 , FALSE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 3 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



c. ANSWER: (approx) 4 children expected to be hyperlipidemic

Why???
SAMPLE SIZE * POPULATION PROPORTION = EXPECTED [12 * 0.3 = (approx) 4]

Original Question

Hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2-6 years of age. If 12 children are analyzed, what is the probabilty that?

Q. At least 3 are hyperlipidemic?

A. Well, four kids out of twelve should have it. But your question isn't very specific. If you have three kids, and you wanna know what their odds of getting it are, it depends.
Family history is an important factor, but if you're going by statistics alone, one of your kids probably has it.

Original Question

age 25 and diagnosed with hyperlipidemia?

Q. I ws diagnosed with hyperlipidemia since i was 22. I tried to watch what I eat, but with no luck. I turned 25, and couple weeks ago, I went for a physical, and I was told that my cholesterol was 249. That 's high!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I know I need to excercise, but I'm really lazy. I have normal weight,and dance as excercise sometimes. Can someone please help me choose a good diet? I want to know what exactly can cut my cholesterol?

A. Low fat, high fiber diet. More vegies than fruit to help lose weight. The fiber helps carry fat out of the body so it is not absorbed.

With normal weight, you can eat more fruit, and whole grains. Minimal processed foods that list hydrogenated anything. That boosts LDL (bad stuff), and lowers HDL (good stuff). Cut way back on meats, especially beef, and cut back or eliminate fried foods.

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Why is cholesterol important for your health and the function of your body?

Q. Why is cholesterol important for your health and the function of your body? Is cholesterol in your diet really that bad?

A. Cholesterol doesn't make you fat or anything, but it contributes to heart disease in the future. If you have a high cholesterol, you have a high chance of heart disease. To prevent this, try eating mono-unsaturated fats, and poly-unsaturated fats. These are good fats that lower bad cholesterol, and increase your good cholesterol. Sources of mono and poly unsaturated fats are nuts - almonds, pecans, peanuts, and walnuts, and cooking oil, lol.

Original Question

When does cholesterol synthesis occurs during the night, or whenever one goes to sleeps?

Q. -Statins are suggested to be taken at night when cholesterol synthesis occurs most. But does this process occurs during the daytime as well, when certain individuals goes to sleep (such as those with overnight working schedules), or does synthesis occur when there is very little or no sunlight present?

A. Where do I ask a question?

Original Question

How many mg of cholesterol can you have per day if you have high cholesterol?

Q. Some websites say 300 mg and some say 200 mg. Which one is correct?

This is for people with a high cholesterol level btw.

A. I checked too, and i read that if your cholesterol is 5,2 - 6,5 mmol/l then you can have 300 mg per day
If the cholesterol is 6,5 - 7,8 mmol/l then you can have 200mg per day.
if the cholesterol is up to 7,8 mmol/l then you can have 150 mg / day

I hope it helps!

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What is the role of (HDLs) High Density Lipoproteins in Human Lipoprotein Metabolism?

Q. What is the role of High Density Lipoproteins besides transporting proteins to VLDS (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) and picking up cholesterol from cell membranes and lipoproteins?

A. it takes those vldl and cholesterol to the liver for ketone body formation after beta oxidation of those.

Original Question

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?

Q. how do high density lipoprotein leads to diabetes?
what are the scientific theory behind it?

A. high density lipoproteins DO NOT lead to diabetes! HDL is the "good" cholesterol --- your question is totally wrong!

Type 2 is not "caused" by being overweight! Many factors are involved in the development of type 2 DM, including genetics, lifestyle, and medications. the idea that being overweight causes type 2 DM is an unfortunate piece of information, Obesity is a risk factor but is NOT the cause!

Original Question

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What determines whether a triglyceride is saturated or unsaturated?

Q. Is it the bonds?

A. A trigylceride (fat) is basically a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acid molecules are often called "fatty acid chains" or "fatty acid tails".

Triglyceride structure:
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/FatImg/triglyceride.jpg

If a triglyceride contains fatty acid tails with only single bonds in their structure, it is said to be saturated (saturated with hydrogens - it contains the maximum no. of C-H bonds).

If a triglyceride contains one or more fatty acid tails which contain at least one double bond in their structure, it is said to be unsaturated.

Here is a pic which shows the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats:
http://www.realfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fat_f2.jpg

As the pic above shows, saturated fats are usually straight, so the molecules can pack together tightly, which is why saturated fats are solids at room temp. The double bonds in the structure of unsaturated fats makes kinks in the chain preventing the neat packing together of these molecules, so most unsaturated fats are liquids at room temp.

Original Question

What is the function of Triglyceride and Phospholipid?

Q. Also, what are some examples of nucleic acids besides DNA and RNA?

Thanks!

A. Triglycerides and Phospholipids are present in the Plasma Membrane of the cell to make each cell regionally distinct from one another.

Original Question

Is cyclying good for reducing triglyceride level?

Q. I am having a triglyceride of 548. I cycle for 7Kms. daily. Is this good or I should necessarily walk instead of cycling ?

A. Triglycerides > 500 are targeted for treatment first because the increased risk for pancreatitis. Exercise alone will not be sufficient to reduce your triglycerides. In fact, elevated triglycerides will not give an accurate reading for LDL, HDL, etc.... [If you think the lab results are inaccurate, you can always get another lab done].

More than likely, your doctor has probably prescribed mediction (or a supplement such as fish oils with a titration schedule).

Medications used are:
1) Fibrates - fenofibrates, tricor, etc.... (
2) Trilipix - only one with FDA approval to be used in combination with a statin
3) Lovaza
4) Fish Oils
5) Niaspan - used to increase HDL but can also be used to decrease TG

Talk to you doctor for additional information.

Original Question

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what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?

Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

Original Question

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?

Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.

Original Question

what does low density lipoproteins transport cholestrol to?

Q.

A. LDL transports cholesterol to the vascular tissue. In the vessels, it gets deposited in the atherosclerotic plaques.

Original Question

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what does low density lipoproteins transport cholestrol to?

Q.

A. LDL transports cholesterol to the vascular tissue. In the vessels, it gets deposited in the atherosclerotic plaques.

Original Question

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Original Question

Where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. Mostly the liver makes LDL and HDL which are fats/cholesterol..
You can stop eating cholesterol for the rest of your life and still have high levels. How can this be? For starters, all of your cells can create cholesterol. This is good because every cell in your body needs it to form protective membranes. Your body actually monitors your cells, and if it senses that a cell doesn't have enough cholesterol, it will produce more. Cholesterol also is an essential building block for naturally produced vitamin D and other good stuff, like estrogen and testosterone. But even though every cell can make its own cholesterol, some cells need extra help with their supply. This is where your liver comes in.
Your body, mainly your liver, produces 75 percent of your cholesterol; your small intestine also aids in both the creation and absorption of cholesterol [source: AHA]. The average diet adds another 300 to 500 mg of cholesterol [source: Schafer]. This external cholesterol comes from animal and dairy products. But even if you eat foods without cholesterol, the carbs, fats and proteins all break down eventually and release carbon, which your liver turns into cholesterol.

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