Minggu, 07 April 2013

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?

Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?
Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?
Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. Mostly the liver makes LDL and HDL which are fats/cholesterol..
You can stop eating cholesterol for the rest of your life and still have high levels. How can this be? For starters, all of your cells can create cholesterol. This is good because every cell in your body needs it to form protective membranes. Your body actually monitors your cells, and if it senses that a cell doesn't have enough cholesterol, it will produce more. Cholesterol also is an essential building block for naturally produced vitamin D and other good stuff, like estrogen and testosterone. But even though every cell can make its own cholesterol, some cells need extra help with their supply. This is where your liver comes in.
Your body, mainly your liver, produces 75 percent of your cholesterol; your small intestine also aids in both the creation and absorption of cholesterol [source: AHA]. The average diet adds another 300 to 500 mg of cholesterol [source: Schafer]. This external cholesterol comes from animal and dairy products. But even if you eat foods without cholesterol, the carbs, fats and proteins all break down eventually and release carbon, which your liver turns into cholesterol.




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High cholesterol, when do you have to start taking medication?

Q. My hubby's reading today was
HDL - 61
LDL - 167
Trigy - 89
Cholesterol ratio - 4.0
Total cholesterol - 246
Fasting glucose - 93
Blood pressure 138/80

Does this look normal or should he be on medication due to the high LDL? At what readings should a person be diagnosed with medication? Appreciate your kind replies.
Thanks so much for your kind reply, Pauline.

A. Its not bad... and definitely not bad enough to take medication. I am not a doctor but I am a natural health nut who has family with high cholesterol and I watch this stuff closely.

Medication is an absolute last resort. What you will usually get is Lipitor and one your on that, its pretty much forever.... its tailored that way.

The best way to lower cholesterol is change your diet.. figure out what foods created it in the first place (chips, mashed potatoes and gravies, red meat, bacon.....its pretty obvious what does unless you just naturally produce cholesterol in your bloodstream) and eliminate them. A good routine is always eat a whole grain breakfast within 30 minutes of waking in the morning (even if you dont eat breakfast, its the most important meal and your cholesterol will lower just by doing that in most cases)as well drink 8 to 16 oz of water, clean fresh water, not tap. Then eat fibre througout the day at least every two hours.. carrots, apples, fibre bar whatever.... drink lots of water (this is the nectar of life, it has been neglected for years but science is realizing its really important to keep cells in your body working properly). There is also another thing you can do... drink an ounce of apple-cider vinegar every morning..... it cleans the arteries.... and get a multi-vitamin that contains B50 and niacin.... these also help keep the arteries clean and feed the heart which is what we worry about with high cholesterol. I know this is long but I just wanted to help... I dont promote taking any pills for quick fix... because its not good for your body to take pills.. then you have to take other pills to offset side effects and the next thing you know you have 20 pills to take every day.. the body isnt designed to filter pills..... which is why I believe people are sick in this day and age.

Good Luck

How is cholesterol calculated and can you have too much good cholesterol?
Q. I went to the doctor and my cholesterol was 246 which isn't so good but my good cholesterol was 65, which she said is great. Is the LDL what's remaining after the good cholesterol is subtracted from the total? Can you have too much HDL?

A. HDL are "high-density lipoproteins" which is fancy doctor talk for cells that are high in protein, low in fat/cholesterol. This is preferred, as this is what "feeds" the body with growth proteins. Proteins power "cell" creation and repair (only). Things like muscle, skin, hair, etc...anything that grows or requires frequent repair benefit from higher counts of HDL. HDL's increase in demand with more activity. Specifically 'cardio' (meaning heart) workouts. You really can't have "too much" HDL's because if the body doesnt need the level of proteins in the blood sugar, it simply release it as it passes through the kidneys. We pee out excess proteins. They do NOT convert to bodyfat like some bodybuilders like to beleive.

LDLs are of course "Low density", meaning low protein high fat. LDL's partially provide energy to "active" muscles. The cells are often "coated" with saturated fats. As these move around the body feeding active muscles, they 'bump along' the artery walls, the leave little "skid marks" so to speak. These marks build up to become plaque, and can cause heart decrease. Reducing LDL's to under 200, (or 150 even better) would be good advice but often requires medication, diet modification, AND more physical activity.

How much cholesterol would be in a ostrich egg?
Q. Actually, you can eat ostrich eggs. Eggs are eggs. Just to let you know.

A. An ostrich egg is supposed to be equal to 2 dozen chicken eggs. That would mean 2520 grams of cholesterol.




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Sabtu, 06 April 2013

What does it mean if my triglyceride is low?

Q. I am a young adult and recently had a blood test taken. My triglyceride level was a low 26, the norm is 35-160. What does this mean and what are the risks of having a low amount? Also, what is the function of triglyceride and how can I raise it?

A. Triglycerides are the form that dietary fat takes in your blood. You do not want to raise your trigylceride level because it can lead to heart disease and other health complications. Its best to keep it low.

Can triglyceride levels in dogs increase from the chewing/eating of rawhide?
Q. I have increased the amount of rawhide chews I give to my Beagle, and coincidentally, her triglycerides soared. Is there any connection between the two? Otherwise, she is fed Nutro Ultra for Seniors dry mixed with a little bit of canned and water for a sauce. She is not fed fats, and has a healthy diet of fruits and veggies for snacks.

A. most raw-hides are deep fried or oven basted with chicken fat as dripping, so are just full of fat. You can get healthier ones if you search, but they cost more. Most people recommend the nylon bones, but I have heard if they are too small the dogs can swallow them whole, then you will need an operation.

I give my dogs a small healthy meaty bone to chew daily, its part of their breakfast calorie, is natural and much lower in fat.

Why is a triglyceride considered hydrophobic when it has a glycerol molecule which is hydrophilic?
Q. also- can everything be categorized as hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

lastly- if the outside of our membranes is hydrophilic wouldn't we dissolve in water?

A. The hydroxyl group of glycerol joins in an ester linkage with the carboxyl group on the lipid leaving a hydrophilic compound.

Not all compounds are one or the other some are amphiphilic with a polar hydrophilic end and a nonpolar lipophilic hydrocarbon end like the phospholipids in cell membranes.




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Kamis, 04 April 2013

How much cholesterol would be in a ostrich egg?

Q. Actually, you can eat ostrich eggs. Eggs are eggs. Just to let you know.

A. An ostrich egg is supposed to be equal to 2 dozen chicken eggs. That would mean 2520 grams of cholesterol.

How is cholesterol good for you and your body?
Q. Explain the benefits of cholesterol for the body and its functions. How does it affect joints and organs?

A. Americans are being saturated with anti-cholesterol propaganda. If you watch very much television, you're probably one of the millions of Americans who now has a terminal case of cholesterol phobia. The probaganda is relentless and is often designed to produce fear and loathing of this works of all food contaminants. You never hear the food propagandists bragging about their product being fluoride free or aluminum free, two of our truly serious food-addidtive problems. But cholesterol, an essential nutrient not proven to be harmfull in ANY quantity is constantly pilloried as a menance to your health. If you don't use corn oil, Fleishmann's margarine and Egg Beaters, you are going straight to atherosclerosis hell with stroke, heart attack and premature aging and so are your kids.

William Campbell Douglass, MD
Eat Your Cholesterol

How much Cholesterol should you be taking in every day?
Q. I started reading food labels, and I noticed there's a line called Cholesterol with a number in mg's. How many mg's or what is the total amount of cholesterol per day that is recommended for a 20 something female? Thanks.

A. Officially, experts say you shouldn't have over 300mg (based on a 2,000 calorie diet). I tend to think that's a little high and try to not go over half that. It really depends on your age and activity level. Maybe the link below will help a little more.




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Rabu, 03 April 2013

What are the various types of hyperlipidemias?

Q.

A. Type I or Buerger-Gruetz syndrome, or Primary hyperlipoproteinaemia, or Familial hyperchylomicronemia
Problems: Decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered ApoC2
Treatment: Diet Control

Type IIa or Polygenic hypercholesterolaemia or Familial hypercholesterolemia
Problems: LDL receptor deficiency
Treatment: Bile Acid Sequestrants, Statins, Nicotinic acid

Type IIb or Combined hyperlipidemia
Problems: Decreased LDL receptor and Increased ApoB
Treatment: Statins, Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil

Type III or Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Problems: Defect in ApoE synthesis
Treatment: Gemfibrozil

Type IV or Endogenous Hyperlipemia
Problems: Increased VLDL production and Decreased elimination
Treatment: Nicotinic acid

Type V or Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
Problems: Increased VLDL production and Decreased LPL
Treament: Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia

a study reported that the prevalence of hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2 to 6 years of age. if 12 children?
Q. are analyzed: a) what is probability that at least 3 are hyperlipidemia? b) what is the probability that exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic? and c) how many would be expected to meet the criteria for hyperlipidemia?

A. a. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.75 at least 3 are hyperlipidemia

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [2] (from 0 up to and including k NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k => 3) = 1 - P(k ⤠2) = 1 - n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.75 = 12!/[2!*(12 - 2)!] * 0.3^2 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 2)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.75 = 1 - BINOMDIST ( 2 , 12 , 30/100 , TRUE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 2 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



b. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.24 exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [3] (Exactly 3 NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k = 3) = n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.24 = 12!/[3!*(12 - 3)!] * 0.3^3 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 3)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.24 =BINOMDIST ( 3 , 12 , 30/100 , FALSE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 3 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



c. ANSWER: (approx) 4 children expected to be hyperlipidemic

Why???
SAMPLE SIZE * POPULATION PROPORTION = EXPECTED [12 * 0.3 = (approx) 4]

Hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2-6 years of age. If 12 children are analyzed, what is the probabilty that?
Q. At least 3 are hyperlipidemic?

A. Well, four kids out of twelve should have it. But your question isn't very specific. If you have three kids, and you wanna know what their odds of getting it are, it depends.
Family history is an important factor, but if you're going by statistics alone, one of your kids probably has it.




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Senin, 01 April 2013

How is cholesterol calculated and can you have too much good cholesterol?

Q. I went to the doctor and my cholesterol was 246 which isn't so good but my good cholesterol was 65, which she said is great. Is the LDL what's remaining after the good cholesterol is subtracted from the total? Can you have too much HDL?

A. HDL are "high-density lipoproteins" which is fancy doctor talk for cells that are high in protein, low in fat/cholesterol. This is preferred, as this is what "feeds" the body with growth proteins. Proteins power "cell" creation and repair (only). Things like muscle, skin, hair, etc...anything that grows or requires frequent repair benefit from higher counts of HDL. HDL's increase in demand with more activity. Specifically 'cardio' (meaning heart) workouts. You really can't have "too much" HDL's because if the body doesnt need the level of proteins in the blood sugar, it simply release it as it passes through the kidneys. We pee out excess proteins. They do NOT convert to bodyfat like some bodybuilders like to beleive.

LDLs are of course "Low density", meaning low protein high fat. LDL's partially provide energy to "active" muscles. The cells are often "coated" with saturated fats. As these move around the body feeding active muscles, they 'bump along' the artery walls, the leave little "skid marks" so to speak. These marks build up to become plaque, and can cause heart decrease. Reducing LDL's to under 200, (or 150 even better) would be good advice but often requires medication, diet modification, AND more physical activity.

How is cholesterol good for you and your body?
Q. Explain the benefits of cholesterol for the body and its functions. How does it affect joints and organs?

A. Americans are being saturated with anti-cholesterol propaganda. If you watch very much television, you're probably one of the millions of Americans who now has a terminal case of cholesterol phobia. The probaganda is relentless and is often designed to produce fear and loathing of this works of all food contaminants. You never hear the food propagandists bragging about their product being fluoride free or aluminum free, two of our truly serious food-addidtive problems. But cholesterol, an essential nutrient not proven to be harmfull in ANY quantity is constantly pilloried as a menance to your health. If you don't use corn oil, Fleishmann's margarine and Egg Beaters, you are going straight to atherosclerosis hell with stroke, heart attack and premature aging and so are your kids.

William Campbell Douglass, MD
Eat Your Cholesterol

How much cholesterol would be in a ostrich egg?
Q. Actually, you can eat ostrich eggs. Eggs are eggs. Just to let you know.

A. An ostrich egg is supposed to be equal to 2 dozen chicken eggs. That would mean 2520 grams of cholesterol.




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How do you define a triglyceride that has an equal number of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Q. If a triglyceride has three fatty acids, and one is saturated, one is monosaturated, and one polyunsaturated, how do you define it. Is it overall poly or mono unsaturated, or can you only term it to be unsaturated since they are both equal?

A. a triglyceride can only be saturated or unsaturatedso even if you had one monounsaturated fa it would be classed unsaturated

What is the best way to reduce the triglyceride levels without damaging the liver by taking Lopid?
Q. My triglyceride levels are up to 450. I am not obese I just don't exercise at all. I have been getting away from carbs all together, is that good?

A. These web sites give more information http://www.healingdaily.com/conditions/triglycerides.htm and http://cholesterol.freesourcenow.com/triglyceride-levels.html

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
Q. What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid? How does this difference account for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of phospholipids?

A. I'm doing this at A-level now, are you?

We did this today...

A Phospholipid is Glycerol + 2 Fatty acids + 1 Phosphoric Acid

In a condensation reaction, this produces 1 phospholipid, and 3 water molecules.

The phosphate part of this has OH groups, which can form hydrogen bonds with water.
The fatty acid parts don't have Oh groups, so they are hydrophobic.

A triglyceride is made up of glycerol + 3 fatty acids (the phosphoric acid is replaced by another fatty acid, in comparison to the formula for phospholipid).

Because the phosphate part contained the OH group in the phospholipid, and it is absent in this molecule, triglyceride can not form hydrogen bonds, and so is hydrophobic.

hope this helps, i know research can be tricky, often there's either not enough, or too much more advanced information.




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