Kamis, 16 Mei 2013

When does cholesterol synthesis occurs during the night, or whenever one goes to sleeps?

Q. -Statins are suggested to be taken at night when cholesterol synthesis occurs most. But does this process occurs during the daytime as well, when certain individuals goes to sleep (such as those with overnight working schedules), or does synthesis occur when there is very little or no sunlight present?

A. Where do I ask a question?

How many mg of cholesterol can you have per day if you have high cholesterol?
Q. Some websites say 300 mg and some say 200 mg. Which one is correct?

This is for people with a high cholesterol level btw.

A. I checked too, and i read that if your cholesterol is 5,2 - 6,5 mmol/l then you can have 300 mg per day
If the cholesterol is 6,5 - 7,8 mmol/l then you can have 200mg per day.
if the cholesterol is up to 7,8 mmol/l then you can have 150 mg / day

I hope it helps!

How can my cholesterol be very high if I eat a vegan diet?
Q. I just found out that my cholesterol is in the highest category, including the LDL cholesterol. I am 25 years old, a normal weight, and I have been a vegetarian (but very close to a vegan) for most of my life. I am very upset and confused. Does anyone know why this might be happening?

A. Well dietary factors can include eggs are a source of cholesterol, I think so does milk and dairy products. But even so in vegan diet some cereals (including sugars), oils and seeds contain more than trace amounts of cholesterol, though may have very little effect. Then again as suggested there could be a metabolic problem here, one of which is diabetes.

Cholesterol is generated directly from the food sources but can be synthesized in the "endoplasmic reticulum" ... this is a homeostatic approach to keep the cholesterol level balanced and to avoid dangerously low levels of cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia).

So (in theory) sustained periods of undernourishment may have tricked your body into producing high levels of cholesterol, and these may have remained when you return to a proper routine of eating which is why a balance diet is not about limiting intakes of certain foods but keeping nutrients in regular balance.

"Genes" is too simplistic an excuse, there are environmental factors such as stress and hormones to factor in too. There are plenty of medical arguments to causes and solutions, you may have to have a conversation with your doctor to see what's right for you.

I would (personally) also seek to check if the monitor was calibrated properly or get retested to see if you have returned to normal.




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Rabu, 15 Mei 2013

How does hypertention, hyperlipidemia, and smoking, participate in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis?

Q.

A. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
Cigarette-endothelial dysfunction and a relatively hypercoagulable state
hypertention-morphologic alterations of the arterial intima and functional alterations of the endothelium
hyperlipidemia- Endothelial injury
Bottom line- All risk factors cause endothelial dysfunction which is the earliest manifestation of atherosclerosis

a study reported that the prevalence of hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2 to 6 years of age. if 12 children?
Q. are analyzed: a) what is probability that at least 3 are hyperlipidemia? b) what is the probability that exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic? and c) how many would be expected to meet the criteria for hyperlipidemia?

A. a. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.75 at least 3 are hyperlipidemia

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [2] (from 0 up to and including k NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k => 3) = 1 - P(k ⤠2) = 1 - n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.75 = 12!/[2!*(12 - 2)!] * 0.3^2 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 2)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.75 = 1 - BINOMDIST ( 2 , 12 , 30/100 , TRUE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 2 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



b. ANSWER: PROBABILITY = 0.24 exactly 3 are hyperlipidemic

Why???

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PROPORTION
n = NUMBER OF TRIALS [ 12] (sample size)
k = NUMBER OF SUCCESSES [3] (Exactly 3 NUMBER OF SUCCESSES)
p = POPULATION PROPORTION [30%]

significant digits2

COMPUTATION OF BINOMIAL PROPORTION:
P(k = 3) = n!/[k!*(n - k)!] * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
0.24 = 12!/[3!*(12 - 3)!] * 0.3^3 * (1 - 0.3)^(12 - 3)

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTATION USING EXCEL:
"Look-up" value of PROBABILITY = 0.24 =BINOMDIST ( 3 , 12 , 30/100 , FALSE )
"Using Excel function: BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s is the number of successes in trials. [ 12 ]
Trials is the number of independent trials. [ 3 ]
Probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. [ 30]"

Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then BINOMDIST returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are number_s successes.



c. ANSWER: (approx) 4 children expected to be hyperlipidemic

Why???
SAMPLE SIZE * POPULATION PROPORTION = EXPECTED [12 * 0.3 = (approx) 4]

Hyperlipidemia is 30% in children 2-6 years of age. If 12 children are analyzed, what is the probabilty that?
Q. At least 3 are hyperlipidemic?

A. Well, four kids out of twelve should have it. But your question isn't very specific. If you have three kids, and you wanna know what their odds of getting it are, it depends.
Family history is an important factor, but if you're going by statistics alone, one of your kids probably has it.




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Selasa, 14 Mei 2013

where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?

Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. HDL cholesterol "scavenges" your bad cholesterol and helps to eliminate LDL from the body. The only nonpharmacologic way to increase your HDL is to exercise.

Ingesting more soluble fiber lowers your LDL cholesterol because soluble fiber binds bile in the GI tract and it gets eliminated. Bile is synthesized using LDL, so that's why you sometimes see advertising on the side of quaker oats that they can lower your cholesterol. I believe the recommendation is to get 20-30 g of fiber / day.

why would chylomicron, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein form a spherical shape?
Q. not sure if this is important:
chylomicron has 4% phospholipid, 90% triacylglycerol, 5% cholesterol, 1% protein.
low-density lipoprotein has 20% phospholipid, 10% triacylglycerol, 45% cholesterol, 25% protein.
high-density lipoprotein has 30% phospholipid, 5% triacylglycerol, 20% cholesterol, 45% protein.

A. Particles (and systems in general) always follow the "principal of least energy" which reduces the free energy of a system to minimum.

Phospholipids are polar compounds based upon a glycerol backbone. Two fatty acids are attached to the phospholipid at the sn-1, and sn-2 position (end and middle respectively). Both fatty acids are non-polar and hydrophobic (water-hating). The third spot is taken by a polar group at the sn-3 position (e.g. the other end) which is hydrophilic (water loving). In addition to polar amino acids and proteins, the outer side of the lipoprotein particles face the water while the hydrophobic portions point inward, where triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesterol esters are.

The hydrophilic outer portion allows lipoprotein particles to stay suspended in serum and blood. The inner lipid and sterol portion attract each other and form a stable system.

The shape that reduces free energy to a minimum is a sphere so lipoprotein particles assume that shape.

Without the phospholipids and proteins surrounding the water-insoluble portions, the lipid and sterol molecules would simply coalesce, which would result in blobs of fat accumulating in the circulatory system.

Is there a Low density lipoprotein(LDL) and High density lipoprotein (HDL) reader available in the market?
Q.

A. LDL and HDL are determined by Photometry method in a Pathological Laboratory.You are required to give a blood sample for this.
Full Blood profile consists of TC,HDL,TG and LDL.




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Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?

Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?
Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. Mostly the liver makes LDL and HDL which are fats/cholesterol..
You can stop eating cholesterol for the rest of your life and still have high levels. How can this be? For starters, all of your cells can create cholesterol. This is good because every cell in your body needs it to form protective membranes. Your body actually monitors your cells, and if it senses that a cell doesn't have enough cholesterol, it will produce more. Cholesterol also is an essential building block for naturally produced vitamin D and other good stuff, like estrogen and testosterone. But even though every cell can make its own cholesterol, some cells need extra help with their supply. This is where your liver comes in.
Your body, mainly your liver, produces 75 percent of your cholesterol; your small intestine also aids in both the creation and absorption of cholesterol [source: AHA]. The average diet adds another 300 to 500 mg of cholesterol [source: Schafer]. This external cholesterol comes from animal and dairy products. But even if you eat foods without cholesterol, the carbs, fats and proteins all break down eventually and release carbon, which your liver turns into cholesterol.

where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?
Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. HDL cholesterol "scavenges" your bad cholesterol and helps to eliminate LDL from the body. The only nonpharmacologic way to increase your HDL is to exercise.

Ingesting more soluble fiber lowers your LDL cholesterol because soluble fiber binds bile in the GI tract and it gets eliminated. Bile is synthesized using LDL, so that's why you sometimes see advertising on the side of quaker oats that they can lower your cholesterol. I believe the recommendation is to get 20-30 g of fiber / day.




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Senin, 13 Mei 2013

How are low density lipoproteins related to health, diet, and cholesterol?

Q. I need the answer by tonight

A. Good cholesterol is high density lipoproteins (HDL) and bad cholesterol is low density lipoproteins (LDL).

Unsaturated fats (most vegetable fats such as nuts, beans, peas and lentils) will increase your HDL level, decrease your LDL level and also reduce your overall cholesterol.

Saturated fats are mostly LDL.

what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?
Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?
Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.




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How are low density lipoproteins related to health, diet, and cholesterol?

Q. I need the answer by tonight

A. Good cholesterol is high density lipoproteins (HDL) and bad cholesterol is low density lipoproteins (LDL).

Unsaturated fats (most vegetable fats such as nuts, beans, peas and lentils) will increase your HDL level, decrease your LDL level and also reduce your overall cholesterol.

Saturated fats are mostly LDL.

what is LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE and what does it do?
Q. i was just wondering what it is.. it doesn't need to be detailed or anything, just a simple english answer

A. I believe that a Low Density Lipoprotein receptor gene is a gene that makes an individual more susceptible to accumulating LDL in their bloodstream. As a side note, LDL is the so called "bad" cholesterol that can stick to fats and cause a blockage in the body.

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?
Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.




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Minggu, 12 Mei 2013

What happens if too much Low density Lipoprotein is in the bloodstream?

Q.

A. They call it "bad cholesterol" for a reason, because it's known that LDL causes vascular inflammation which triggers defense cells to form fibrin and collagen around the lipid deposits creating atheromas. When an atheroma breaks lose, you can get many life threatening conditions, from heart attacks to strokes.

Sometimes if an atheroma doesn't break, it can still cause both before mentioned entities if it fully clogs the blood vessel.

Effects of low high density lipoprotein in human body function?
Q.

A. HDL carries the excess cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries to the liver so that these won't cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Low HDL then means a higher risk of heart disease.

Additional
As the for answer from the lady below - try and check out her other posts about cholesterol...

Where is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) & High density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesized?
Q. Could you also let me know
1. HOW and WHERE they are removed from the bloodstream and
2. Dietary and lifestyle factors that may increase or decrease the amount in the blood (please explain).

I have been researching but I didn't find much.

A. Mostly the liver makes LDL and HDL which are fats/cholesterol..
You can stop eating cholesterol for the rest of your life and still have high levels. How can this be? For starters, all of your cells can create cholesterol. This is good because every cell in your body needs it to form protective membranes. Your body actually monitors your cells, and if it senses that a cell doesn't have enough cholesterol, it will produce more. Cholesterol also is an essential building block for naturally produced vitamin D and other good stuff, like estrogen and testosterone. But even though every cell can make its own cholesterol, some cells need extra help with their supply. This is where your liver comes in.
Your body, mainly your liver, produces 75 percent of your cholesterol; your small intestine also aids in both the creation and absorption of cholesterol [source: AHA]. The average diet adds another 300 to 500 mg of cholesterol [source: Schafer]. This external cholesterol comes from animal and dairy products. But even if you eat foods without cholesterol, the carbs, fats and proteins all break down eventually and release carbon, which your liver turns into cholesterol.




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